In general, mud is one of our costliest weather hazards. The more you concentrate animals under wet conditions the slower pen surfaces dry, causing maintenance energy requirements to increase. In the summer, too much mud on cattle limits the ability of the animal to dissipate heat. Wet muddy areas, inside or outside of pens, are potential breeding areas for flies, which can exacerbate heat stress problems. In the winter, cattle maintenance requirements can be over 50% greater in pens containing wet, muddy cattle versus dry, clean cattle, causing reduced comfort and performance.
Summer-time is a good opportunity to get feedlot and other cattle holding pens prepared for next winter, especially if you had mud problems this year. This is accomplished by including mounds and/or good drainage in pen. Good lot drainage is critical to minimizing mud. The basic goal is to remove water as quickly as possible from the pen with minimum erosion of soil and manure. Mounds are useful for enhancing drainage in pens with very little slope and can also provide wind protection for cattle in the winter and allow for enhanced air-flow in the pen in the summer.
If mounds are put in a pen it is easier to build mounds and shape pens as the first step when installing new lots. The cost is minimal at most locations if shaping is done before installing fencing, bunks, water troughs and aprons.
In smaller pens, incorporate most of the lot in the mounds and valleys.
Ideally a 3 to 5% slope (away from feed bunks) should be maintained in the pen, with the mound on the center-line of the pen, perpendicular to the high side of the pen and parallel to the direction of slope.
Mounds should have valleys on both sides, with the valley running between the fence and the mound.
Fence lines, which are parallel to the mounds, should also be elevated to allow all water to drain to the valleys and to the back of the pen.
In old lots, mounds can build up from a mixture of manure and dirt.
Locate the debris basins for collecting run-off outside the pen.
Keep the back of the pen clean and open to allow pen drainage to discharge directly into debris basins.
Most pen surfaces, including mounds, will need reshaping and soil added each year.
Other aspects of feedlot design that should be considered for minimizing mud and enhancing cattle comfort is the construction of concrete pads or aprons (8 to 16 feet wide) along feed bunks and around water troughs. These structures eliminate much of the competition often associated with feeding areas when mud becomes a problem and good feeding spaces become scarce. Mud tends to accumulate around feeding and watering places due to the soil being worked away while cattle are in these areas, leaving low spots, which accumulate moisture from normal precipitation events. Urine and fecal deposits also tend to be concentrated in these areas adding to the mud and moisture problems.
The bunk apron and the apron around the water trough should slope about 1/2 to 3/4 inch per foot away from the feed bunks and water trough. Ideally the water trough should be located about 20 to 30 feet from the back side of the fence-line feed bunk and lie near the center-line of the pen. Connecting the water trough apron to the bunk apron allows cattle to easily travel to and from mounds, water trough, and feed bunk.
Finally, it is essential that pens surfaces are cleaned annually, with any manure or undigested materials removed from the pen and firm hard-clay surfaces remain.
Undigested material, largely in the form of fiber, tends to have a high water holding capacity. These materials will significantly contribute to mud problems by not allowing the surface to dry as fast as they could, plus they may prevent water from running out of the pen.
Also, the amount and depth of mud in a feeding area is also dependent on the number of head or density of cattle in the area. A cow-calf pair, reared in dry lot, can require over 750 square feet, while a feedlot animal normally requires about 1/3 this amount of space. However, under muddy conditions, space requirements can easily be doubled, depending on drying conditions and drainage.
